Intervention process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intervention process - Essay Example Therapist and psychologist dealing with intervention must be careful about the practice to prevent any legal problems that may occur from the act of organizing an intervention. There are laws regarding psychotherapist/patient privilege which govern their actions when it comes to the situation regarding a client dangerousness to self, others, and property of others (Sonkin & Liebert). The therapist has to take every possible precaution to ensure the intervention session does get out of control. He must prepare the team well and may have to enforce some type of security measures such as a guard if the client profile justifies such a preventive measure. Ethics are a part of psychology and their different ethical aspects that must be considered during interventions. Three ethical considerations during this affair are veracity, beneficence, and fidelity. Veracity refers to telling the truth (McGuinness). During an intervention, the persons involved might have to tell the patient harsh wor ds and relive very emotional and personal events that occurred due to the addiction of the patient. The harshness of the message of the group is an ethical dilemma to consider. Beneficence involves making decisions for are incompetent and do not have the faculties to decide for themselves (McGuinness). Intervention with drug addicts has beneficence dilemmas associated with them. The addict, in reality, is not competent to make his own decision since the drugs have full control over his reasoning and judgment.

History of Plato Essay Example for Free

History of Plato Essay Plato was born around the year 428 BCE into an established Athenian household with a rich history of political connections including distant relations to both Solon and Pisistratus. Platos parents were Ariston and Perictone, his older brothers were Adeimantus and Glaucon, and his younger sister was Potone. In keeping with his family heritage, Plato was destined for the political life. But the Peloponnesian War, which began a couple of years before he was born and continued until well after he was twenty, led to the decline of the Athenian Empire. The war was followed by a rabid conservative religious movement that led to the execution of Platos mentor, Socrates. Together these events forever altered the course of Platos life. The biographical tradition is unanimous in its observation that Plato engaged in many forms of poetry as a young man, only later turning to philosophy. Aristotle tells us that sometime during Platos youth the philosopher-to-be became acquainted with the doctrines of Cratylus, a student of Heraclitus, who, along with other Presocratic thinkers such as Pythagoras and Parmenides, provided Plato with the foundations of his metaphysics and epistemology. Upon meeting Socrates, however, Plato directed his inquiries toward the question of virtue. The formation of a noble character was to be before all else. Indeed, it is a mark of Platos brilliance that he was to find in metaphysics and epistemology a host of moral and political implications. How we think and what we take to be real have an important role in how we act. Thus, Plato came to believe that a philosophical comportment toward life would lead one to being just and, ultimately, happy. It is difficult to determine the precise chain of events that led Plato to the intricate web of beliefs that unify metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and politics into a single inquiry. We can be certain, however, that the establishment of a government by Sparta (after the chaos of Athens final defeat in 404), and the events that followed, dramatically affected the direction of his thinking. Following the turmoil of the war, a short eight month oligarchical tyranny known as the Thirty Tyrants governed Athens. Two of Platos relatives, Critias (his mothers uncle) and Charmides (his mothers brother) played roles in this regime. Critias was identified as one of the more extreme members and chief advocate of the government, while Charmides played a smaller role as one of the Eleven, a customs/police force which oversaw the Piraeus. The oligarchy made a practice of confiscating the estates of wealthy Athenians and resident aliens and of putting many individuals to death. In an effort to implicate Socrates in their actions, the Thirty ordered him to arrest Leon of Salamis. Socrates, however, resisted and was spared punishment only because a civil war eventually replaced the Thirty with a new and most radical democracy. A general amnesty, the first in history, was issued absolving those who participated in the reign of terror and other crimes committed during the war. But because many of Socrates associates were involved with the Thirty, public sentiment had turned against him, and he now had the reputation of being profoundly anti-democratic. In what appears to be a matter of guilt-by-association, a general prejudice was ultimately responsible for bringing Socrates to trial in 399 on the charges of corrupting the youth, introducing new gods into the city, atheism, and engaging in unusual religious practices. During his trial, which is documented in Platos Apology, Socrates explained that he had no interest to engage in politics, because a certain divine sign told him that he was to foster a just and noble lifestyle within the young men of Athens. This he did in casual conversations with whomever he happened to meet on the streets. When Socrates told the court that if set free, he would not stop this practice, claiming that he must follow the voice of his god over the dictates of the state, the court found him guilty (though by a narrow margin), and he was executed one month later. This final sequence of events must have weighed heavily on Plato, who then turned away from politics, somewhat jaded by the unjust behavior of the Thirty, disappointed by the follies of the democracy, and forever affected by the execution of Socrates. At this point Plato left Attica with other friends of Socrates and spent the next twelve years in travel and study. During this period, he sought out the philosophers of his day. He met with the wise-men, priests, and prophets of many different lands, and he apparently studied not only philosophy but geometry, geology, astronomy, and religious matters. His exact itinerary is not known, but the earliest accounts report that Plato left Athens with Euclides and went to Megara from where he went to visit Theodorus in Cyrene. From there he went to Italy to study with the Pythagoreans (including Philolaus and Echecrates mentioned in the Phaedo), and then after Italy he went to Egypt. Whether or not Plato began to write philosophical dialogues prior to Socrates execution is a matter of debate. But most scholars agree that shortly after 399 Plato began to write extensively. Although the order in which his dialogues were written is a matter of strong debate, there is some consensus about how the Platonic corpus evolved. This consensus divides Platos writings into three broad groups. The first group, generally known as the Socratic dialogues, was probably written between the years 399 and 387. These texts are called Socratic because here Plato appears to remain relatively close to what the historical Socrates advocated and taught. One of these, the Apology, was probably written shortly after the death of Socrates. The Crito, Laches, Lysis, Charmides, Euthyphro, Hippias Minor and Major, Protagoras, Gorgias and Ion, were probably written throughout this twelve year period as well, some of them, like the Protagoras and Gorgias, most likely at its end. Plato was forty the first time he visited Italy. Shortly thereafter, he returned to Athens and founded the Academy, located nearly a mile outside the city walls and named after the Attic hero Academus. The Academy included a nice grove of trees, gardens, a gymnasium and many shrines including one dedicated to Athena herself, the goddess of the city. Plato created his own cult association, setting aside a portion of the Academy for his purposes and dedicating his cult to the Muses. Soon this school became rather well-known on account of its common meals and sympotic lifestyle, modified, of course, to suit a new agenda. Indeed, Platos Academy was famed for its moderate eating and talk as well as all the appropriate sacrifices and religious observances. Overshadowing all of that was, of course, its philosophical activity. It seems that over the next twenty six years Platos philosophical speculation became more profound and his dramatic talents more refined. During this period, what is sometimes called Platos middle or transitional period, Plato could have written the Meno, Euthydemus, Menexenus, Cratylus, Republic, Phaedrus, Symposium and Phaedo. These texts differ from the earlier in that they tend toward the grand metaphysical speculation that provides us with many hallmarks of Platonism, such as the method of hypothesis, the recollection theory and, of course, the theory of ideas, or forms, as they are sometimes called. In 367 Dionysus of Syracuse died, leaving his son as the supreme ruler of a growing empire. Dion, his uncle and guardian, persuaded young Dionysus II to send for Plato, who was to serve as his personal tutor. Upon arriving, Plato found the situation unfavorable for philosophy, though he attempted to teach the young ruler anyway. In 365, Syracuse entered into war, and Plato returned to Athens. (Around the same time, Platos most famous pupil, Aristotle, entered the Academy. ) In 361, Dion wrote Plato begging him to return. Reluctantly, Plato did so, setting out on his third and final voyage to Italy. But the situation had deteriorated beyond hope. Plato was soon spirited out of Syracuse from where he went back to Athens. We know little of the remaining thirteen years in Platos life. Probably sick of his wanderings and misfortunes in Sicily, Plato returned to the philosophical life of the Academy and, most likely, lived out his days conversing and writing. During this period, Plato could have written the so-called later dialogues, the Parmenides, Theatetus, Sophist, Statesman, Timaeus, Critias, Philebus and Laws, in which Socrates plays a relatively minor role and the metaphysical speculation of the middle dialogues is meticulously scrutinized. Plato died in 347, leaving the Academy to Speusippus, his sisters son. The Academy served as the model for institutions of higher learning until it was closed by the Emperor Justinian in 529 CE, almost one thousand years later.

The Incredible Journey of Moll Flanders Essay examples -- Moll Flander

The Incredible Journey of Moll Flanders      Ã‚   Abandoned by her mother at the age of six months Moll Flanders does not have any of the requirements expected for her life journey to be a very good one. Her first memory is that of "wandering among a crew of those people they call gypsies, or Egyptians;" (9). But already as a child of about eight or ten she is aware of herself as an individual ready to shape her own life: "...for alas! all I understood by being a gentlewoman was to be able to work for myself, and get enough to keep me without that terrible bugbear going to service..." (13).    Moll ´s first very frightening experience is that of being "cast off the ship" when she is turned out of doors to the wide world before reaching the age we call lawful. She is very ironic when she says: "Now I was a poor gentlewoman indeed..." (18). At this time, when individualism was beginning to be seen as something worth aimimg at, Moll is aware that for a woman life is much more limited than for a man. This novel, written as an autobiography, was composed by a man, but I think he has managed well to convey to us a woman ´s experiences and thoughts. Moll wants to shape her own life, but she does not always reach her goal. As a young woman she is seduced by a man who does not keep his promise to marry her, and then she marries his brother and lives in a marriage that is not at all a happy one.    When left a widow, she keeps thinking of the next step, of her next station in life. As it is very difficult for a woman in this society to live alone, she is "...resolved to be married or nothing, and to be well married or not at all." (65). She has a very strong notion that a woman should not be kept for a mistress if she has mon... ... Moll ´s life journey could very well have ended with her being executed, but she is lucky enough to be sentenced to transportation. The novel The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders takes us again to Virginia, where Moll and her Lancashire husband start a new life as planters. She meets her son ( a very moving event), and she inherits a farm from her mother. When we leave Moll and her husband they are living a quiet life in England, "...where we resolve to spend the remainder of our years in sincere penitence for the wicked lives we have lived." (376). To a modern reader Moll seems to be a "survivor" in a society not yet prepared or able to care for all its members. She tries, and ultimately manages, to be the captain of a ship, that is not easily steered.    Work Cited: Defoe, Daniel. Moll Flanders. Penguin Popular Classics, 1994.   

Quarry Bank Mill †questions and answers Essay

1) Why did Samuel Greg establish a cotton mill in Styal in 1784? Greg established a cotton mill rather than a silk mill or other type of factory because cotton was the material that everyone wanted. Greg was a cotton merchant so he knew of all the advances in technology that were making it easier for cotton to be spun and woven. He knew that the machines making peoples jobs easier were too big to fit in their houses as they had done in the past, so he decided that if he built a mill to house them then he could make a lot of money seeing as cotton was in demand. Greg was a cotton merchant, so he knew the area. In the summer people would be farming, and in the winter they would be spinning cotton. Greg knew that these people would want a regular job to do all year so cotton was a good industry as they were already experienced at it, and wasn’t as laborious as farming. Also, due to the invention of John Kay’s flying shuttle in 1733, the spinners were struggling to keep up, as they could not spin enough thread for the weavers. Greg knew this so he decided that is he had a lot of spinners then he would be paid lots because thread for weaving was in high demand. Greg established his mill in 1784 because this was when the patents for cotton manufacture machines ran out. In 1771 Arkwright invented the waterframe which was a spinning machine powered by water. More cotton could be made, so the price would drop which meant more people would buy cotton. However, Arkwright had a patent on this machine so it was very expensive. Greg had probably been waiting until the patent on it ran out before he built his mill. The Arkwright waterframe needed a water supply, and Styal was the perfect place for Greg to build his mill. The land on which he built his mill was hilly, so very cheap because it was too steep for farming. It cost Greg about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2 per year to rent this land off the Earl of Stamford. The land that he bought had steep sides because it was part of a valley with a stream at the bottom. There were no factories upstream so there was nothing disturbing the waterpower, so Greg had a fast, regular supply of energy. Greg had the money to rent this land and afford to build a mill and employ workers because when he was 9 he moved to Manchester to live with his uncles who were in the cotton trade. He inherited à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 from one uncle when he died, and when the other uncle retired he left Greg à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,000 worth of business to Greg when he was 24. Styal was also a good place to build a mill because it was near to Manchester so there was a good transport system. Cotton was transported from Egypt and India to Liverpool, and from Liverpool it was taken along the Bridgewater canal to Broadheath. It would then be taken from Broadheath by horse and cart to Styal. This transport system was good fro Greg because it made the raw cotton accessible, and it was reliable so he could always have a steady incoming supply of cotton, and he could transport his own spun cotton to cotton merchants so had a steady income. Coursework: Quarry Bank Mill 2) To what extent do the Greg’s deserve their reputation as good employers? Samuel Greg seems like a good employer, but there are cases against him, and cases which enhance his reputation as a good mill owner. The working conditions in the mill were quite loud. Sources from the mill show us that there was fine cotton in the air, which got into peoples lungs and caused lung problems for workers. Also, the cotton was highly flammable, so a tiny spark from one of the machines could start a fire. The floors and ceiling support beams were made out of wood, which was also a fire hazard. However, Greg covered the ceilings with metal panels, and had stone staircases for a fire escape where people would be safe. In the mill it was very hot and humid because cotton was stronger when it was damp. Employees couldn’t open windows because they had to keep conditions like this, so they were forced to work in a hot and damp factory. The machines were all packed tightly into the factory and there were no safety guards so it was very easy to get caught up in the machines. However, sources from the mill show that there were very rarely any deaths from people getting caught in machines, although not all cases may have been recorded for the mill to avoid a bad, dangerous reputation. In the factory it would have been loud because of all the machines, so the workers put cotton in their ears to reduce the damage, as earmuffs only became law in 1986. Despite the fact these working conditions weren’t the best to be working in, all other mills were the same and possibly worse. The hours people worked were fairly similar to the hours worked by people at other mills. However, all ages worked the same. Sources at the mill, and source A tells us that all employees worked 68 hours a week. However, Source A was written in 1834, and the factory act was passed the year before in 1833. The factory act stated that 9-13 year olds only worked a 48 hour week, but Greg was making them work the same hours as all other employees over 13. However, there was no register of births until 1837, which meant that you didn’t know how old children were, so magistrates couldn’t prove that Greg was breaking the law. Also, other factory owners were doing just the same, and breaking other laws such as the night working of children, and making them work under the age of 9, whereas Greg was obeying these rules. Also, Greg employed families, so they could all work together, and employed apprentices. In Source A, Greg states that no children under 12 were made to work, however Greg wrote this himself so he could easily have lied as no inspector came to make sure he was telling the truth. Also, there were no birth certificates so it was impossible to prove how old the children actually were so Greg could make under 12s work and get away with it. Greg did not believe in punishing his workers, due to his religion, so there was no corporal punishment inflicted on his employees. Source A proves that Greg did not enforce corporal punishments, however, Source A is a questionnaire sent to Greg to answer about his own mill. The factory commissioners did not visit the mill; they just relied on the answers to the questionnaire given to them by the factory owners. Greg could have been biased in his answers because it was his own mill so he would probably have lied to make his mill seem better. Also, question 64 asks if any complaints have been taken against him or any overseers on the punishment of employees. No answer is given to this question, which makes it seem dubious. Either Greg was guilty and did not want to lie so he gave no answer, or he was being truthful and no complaint had been alleged so he did not answer because there had been no cases. Despite these details making Greg seem a good employer, there is also the case of Esther Price. Source C says that she was put in solitary confinement in a ‘dungeon’ with ‘windows darkened by boards being nailed up against them on the inside’. Price was supposed to have been in this room for 5 days without light, fire or a bed. However it is said that she escaped after finding out a dead body was in the room next to her and she was so terrified she managed to escape. This story seems a bit extreme, and is probably biased because it was written by John Doherty, who was campaigning for less working hours for mill employees, so he would be extremely critical and would probably exaggerate the details. We do not know how old Esther Price was, or whether she was a typical worker, or an exception. Also, if she had skipped work, why didn’t they just shave her head like they did to punish other girls, or just make her work through her break times to make up for the work lost. She was supposed to have been kept in a ‘dungeon’ but we do not know how big this room was, or whether it really was a dungeon. If Greg was not big on punishments, then why have a ‘dungeon’ specifically for solitary confinement, and if the boards keeping out the light were nailed on the inside, then why couldn’t the prisoner just pull them off? Greg was well known for being a good employer and running a good mill, so Doherty probably chose him to pick on to damage his reputation. Also, Esther stayed on at the mill after she was 21 and was allowed to leave the apprentice house, so her experience couldn’t have been that bad otherwise she would have left and got another job somewhere else. Sources at the mill tell us that the wages Greg’s workers received were less than in other mills, but the conditions were better, and better housing was provided. Greg built a village near to the mill for his workers to live in. The rent for these houses was less than in other places, and the houses themselves were better than in other places. Greg built two-up-two-down houses, which had more room and were better than the back-to-back houses built in other cities because instead of having a family or more in each room, you had a family in each half of the room so it was more hygienic. There were outside toilets for each of these houses in the small yard at the back, and there were allotments so workers could grow their own food and spend their money on other things. In this village, there was also a bakers, a few shops and a church for workers. In the apprentice house, apprentices were given a healthy diet, and were fed twice every day, which was extremely good as in other workplaces they would sometimes not receive any food in one day. Workers in the mill had a breakfast time before they started work; they stopped for lunch and then could have their own evening meal when they got home. Source B states that apprentices had every day, which would have been quite expensive. On the other hand, this source was written by Andrew Ure who was convinced that factories were a good way to keep children happy and employed. He was writing to argue that factories were good so would probably be biased. Sources at the mill show there was a doctor that regularly visited the apprentice house. Healthcare was not a necessity, so Greg was ahead of the future laws be making sure his apprentices were in good health and were cared for when sick. Greg made sure that the apprentices attended school regularly and they were taught how to read, write and some maths. This was probably for his own benefit because if his employees could read then they could read signs put up about hour or wage changes, or could go on to work sorting out the mills finances or something that required more than just a person with thin nimble fingers. In the workers village there was a church, and workers and apprentices attended the church regularly. Despite the cases against him, Greg appears to be a good employer. He was keeping almost all his working conditions within the law, and the factory conditions were no worse than other factories. He was educating his apprentices which was giving them a chance of a good future, and was sending them to church which wasn’t necessary but he wanted them to go anyway. He employed a doctor which wasn’t a requirement, so he wanted to keep his apprentices in good health. He also did not enforce physical punishments, and there were hardly any deaths. He provided them with cheap rent for good houses. I think that Greg was a good employer, but he did have an ulterior motive, which was money. By educating his apprentices they could do other jobs for him, which brought in more money than working machines. He may have built a mill purely because he was concerned about the families going out of business because of the new machines, or he would rather they worked in a factory with better conditions like his, or he built the mill because he wanted to make money, and he could make enough to afford to keep his workers happy.

Eli Lilly in India Essay

Eli Lilly and Company was started Mr. Colonel Eli Lilly in 1876. During 1940-1985 it performed as one of the leading players in the US market. From the beginning the business has remained committed to scientific and management excellence. For the past several years the business has continuously expanded in the health care and agricultural sector. During 1950s the business became export oriented and in 1980s the corporation was performing as a successful international pharmaceutical company. In 1992 the firm has its own manufacturing plants in 25 countries and its products were sold in more than 130 different countries. During the same period several countries in Asia specifically India opted for liberalization policies where tax breaks were given and FDI was highly promoted. The business considered it as an opportunity and decided to perform clinical testing where it R&D (research and development) functional unit has contributed a lot. Ranbaxy Laboratories: The business was started during the decade of 1960s in India. It has consistently performed as serious research-oriented company which evolved as one of the leading pharmaceutical firm. During 1977 the business was transformed into a global corporation with its broader scope, vision and leadership capabilities. For decades it has emphasized on the solitary principle of effective marketing research both indigenously as well as internationally. Throughout 1990s it performed as the largest player in generic drugs in India. The competitive edge exists in the aptitude for chemical synthesis. The capital cost was also immensely lower as compare to that of USA. In USA there exists a strict quality control requirement therefore the business specifically relied on exporting its products in 47 different countries. The firm assumes to spend large amount on R&D in the nearest future. Eli Lilly in India: Rethinking the Joint Venture Strategy Q. 1 drawing on relevant academic sources, discuss the critical factors which lie behind the success of the Eli Lilly Ranbaxy international joint venture (ELR IJV). Ans. Critical Success factors for Eli Lilly Ranbaxy International JV (Joint Venture): It all started in 1992 when Ranbaxy approached Eli Lilly in order to go into an agreement for supplying low cost pharmaceutical ingredients. Although Eli Lilly had suppliers India but it could not create fruitful relationship with them. During that period Ranbaxy was the largest exporter from India and the second largest exporter of Pharmaceutical products lagging behind Glaxo SmithKline. Basically strategic thinkers at Ranbaxy analyzed that it Eli Lilly is the only pharmaceutical company which do not exist in India and Ranbaxy can facilitate them by supply low cost material while manufacturing some of the Eli Lilly products locally in India. It was a fine decision where Ranbaxy opted for packaging and selling and distributing products for Eli Lilly in India. Research findings depict that it started successfully and top management believed that there were lots of commonalities between both the companies. Mutually they were in favor of ethical standards, technological advancements, innovative ideas and distributing patented products in India. The act of kindness revealed strong candid about their employees and affirmed on continuously performing for sustainable development and green provisions. Finally the JV (joint venture) was signed in November 1992 and reflected the successful accomplishments from both the parts. Beyond doubt Eli Lilly wanted to extend its name in Asia especially in India. It started with massive investment of $ 7. 1 million as authorized capital and $3 million as equity capital. During 1995 Eli Lilly decided to expand in generic products and went into an agreement with Ranbaxy unfortunately the business founded that it is an erroneous decision hence terminated agreement. Both the businesses resemble to each other in terms of leadership, vision, values and many more but generic requires strong learning curve and was considered different from the core business of operation. Mutual consensus during the initial phase: The top management thought that it was the right decision and forecasted that about 200-300 million people dwelling in India belongs to the middle class and will be going to determine the future of India. The key question remained that why Eli Lilly gave more importance to India rather than Russia or China where it could have further expanded and established its business presence. Moreover due to the lack of intellectual property rights and patent protection in India, most of the products of Eli Lilly were being manufactured and sold illegally. It required strategic thinking to come up with a new product which can grasp the attention of the majority of the population. Furthermore most of the specialists and experts were unaware of the name therefore management decided to name the JV as Eli Lilly Ranbaxy JV which reflects the foreign taste. Most interesting fact revealed that both the businesses started from the scratch and worked for improving the infrastructure of the business where Ranbaxy helped the business whenever they were faced with some sort of issues. The group worked 24/7 and expanded the workforce with key professionals. It had a very limited budget therefore Eli Lilly excellently operated on economies of scale and made the most from Ranbaxy distribution system. In the 1993, the business had more than 200 people working on systematically performing and expanding its real essence in India. It took assistance from one its office located in Geneva and established a creative recruiting theme in order to ascertain long-term employment relationship. Furthermore the business assured new sales graduates that they will be going to be promoted in the company and customized training programs were formulated in accordance with India. The business also developed a ‘Red Book’ and put up with its values of ethical code of conduct. They communicated both the positive and negative aspects of specific drugs and later on it helped them in building trust, faith and confidence of doctors in the company. Both the firms strictly focused on the JV and on building personal relationships with each other rather than indulging in conflicts or politics. Both the businesses specialized in their core business with an upward moving learning curve. Ranbaxy gained expertise in generic products and meanwhile Eli Lilly focused on innovation, creativity and discovery. The initial product that resulted through joint venture was human insulin but it faced major confrontations from formal institutions and government regulations and there were financial constraints as well. There were regulatory issues and Indian government imposed substantial import duty. The government imposed price limitations and profits margin got shaken. Rather than opting for the localize strategy as it was adopted by Glaxo and Pfizer, the business went for niche marketing. Furthermore it could not launch some of its most valuable drugs in India because of the threats of poor intellectual property rights. It requires huge production capacity whereas profit ratio was low. During the initial period Eli Lilly deployed its marketing capabilities around two major groups. The business added momentous value to one of the off-patented drugs and emphasize on two world-class drugs where barriers to entry were high. The JV surpassed break-even in the end of 1996 and started earning profit. Chief organizational changes: During mid 1990s several changes were brought. It was one of the fastest growing organizations and a separate model was structured to instill stability. A proper SOP was formulated and the 50-50 partnership continued. Both sales and marketing functions were streamlined. The corporation hired McKinsey for management consultancy and identifies growth opportunities in India and showed consistency with the immense growth rate of 8% on annual basis. In order to transform into a major organization the business established a separate medical and regulatory function which operates in collaboration with the government to assess and give approval for specific drugs and the entire manufacturing process. The beginning of a new dimension: It has been said that during 2001 the business outshined the overall Indian pharmaceutical industry growth rate. Some of the achievements are as follows: †¢ Due to the JV Ranbaxy got famous worldwide and Eli Lilly established itself in India. It had a unique culture where employees of both the organizations never got cannibalized with each other. The growth rate further increased to 10% and major pharmaceutical corporations got further strengthened due to mergers and acquisitions. Major firms focused on more profitable core businesses and divested non-core set of functions and operations. †¢ Eli Lilly achieved 12th position in the pharmaceutical industry however one its successful drugs got off-patented in 2001 and it started working on its potential products. †¢ Major changes took place in India and China and the business came up with new strategies with proper evaluation and control system to overcome major issues. During the same period the management of Ranbaxy decided to transform into an international pharmaceutical company with the strong research-based platform. It went into JV with other firms in Canada, United States and Ireland. Ranbaxy further considered China, Russia, United Kingdom and USA as major foreign markets. Due to quick expansion throughout the globe it faced financial issues and the business found sudden decline in its cash flows and it started thinking for dissolving its JV with Eli Lilly. Ranbaxy considered itself as a global firm and said that it has participated at its utmost to create value for Eli Lilly in India. †¢ The JV revealed that it has attained world-class sales management process. They further penetrated into valuable directions and key areas like diabetes, oncology, and expertise in clinical trials in accordance with international standards. Moreover the entire workforce performs with high caliber and confidence. Numerous changes in Ranbaxy after JV: Ranbaxy (2010) instigated that the business experienced major changes after the JV and explored new market in different dimensions of NCS (new chemical entities) and NDDS (novel drug delivery system) mainly related to Urology, respiratory problems and formulated a plan for further expansion in developed countries specifically in UK and USA till 2012. It further went into mergers, acquisitions, JV and alliances in Brazil, China, South America, Germany, Spain, and Canada with MNCs like Bayer, Glaxo SmithKline, Ohm, Aventis and many more. It was successful in establishing global presence. Some of the learning factors were as follows: †¢ Major attempts were made to increase the productivity and the business came up with breakthrough advancements and minimized R&D cost. It brand image was further promoted when it introduced important drugs to contest against malaria. †¢ It achieved economies of scale and successfully produced effective drugs at low cost and developing economies could purchase them in an affordable manner. It remained adaptive to the industry pattern, invested heavily in R&D. It mostly got benefited due to low material and labor cost in India and patented several chemical compounds in developed countries. †¢ The business attained technological expertise, successful culture and further diversified into laboratory testing business and conducted clinical trials in Mumbai, Bangalore and many more. It established 2000 centers throughout South Asia. It further entered into service business and facilitated companies by testing a new product and provided approval for ingredients, manufacturing processes and the entire products. †¢ The business gained competitive edge in generic products. It was considered as the 7th largest growing corporation in the world. It gained expertise in distribution network, finance and different processes in the pharmaceutical industry. Q. 2 assesses the alternative options open to senior management on the future of the ELR IJV and recommend how you think they should proceed. Ans. Alternative Strategic options: In order to further enhance the collaborative performance between both the companies, the top management came up with the strategic thinking option. The business must formulate a task force which can look inside the future direction. However it must include top management from both the firms rather than involving key personnel from the JV so that day-to-day operations can be performed. In this way important scenarios can be developed and implemented. More importantly it was assumed that Ranbaxy was going to divest its JV with Eli Lilly. It was also highlighted that Ranbaxy favored to sell-out the business and it will generate funds to further expand the portfolio of Ranbaxy but Eli Lilly considered it as a negative option. The business further decides to invest a lot in R&D. More importantly the expanding and research work will specifically focus on cancer, infectious diseases, diabetes and cardiovascular problems. The clinical trials will be further assisted by the ministry o health. More importantly the business might go public in the nearest future. Key Analyses: Eli Lilly faced difficulties and barriers to entry while expanding in South Asia especially in India. It could not understand the culture, socio-economic factors, and political influences in the country. Despite of being known among the largest pharmaceutical companies in USA, it was considered as a mere business in India. Therefore the business opted for joint venture with any domestic company. Major Challenges: There were numerous challenges being faced by the business: †¢ The business has continuously faced intellectual property rights †¢ Eli Lilly faced lots of difficulties while establishing a positive relationship with the government of India. Indian government imposed price limitations and heavy import duty was imposed. †¢ The R&D cost was increasing day by day †¢ Competition was getting intensive and more organizations were entering in the industry †¢ It took huge time for new product approval which further increased the development time †¢ India joined WTO and from 2005 onwards it further strengthened the patent protection rights specifically pertaining to pharmaceutical products and FDI (foreign direct investment) was also highly promoted. Gradually due to intensive competition and due to increase in number of major players in the pharmaceutical industry, the growth rate decreased and lots of mergers and acquisitions took place. During 2004-2005 it further implied stern control on patent protection. India flourished as an emerging economy which can greatly add value to pharmaceutical products. These all forced both the companies to reconsider the JV and individual strategies. Recommendation: It seemed that both the sides looked for win situation. Eli Lilly tried to establish its authoritative style over Ranbaxy. The business focused in gaining its presence in India. On the other hand Ranbaxy purely focused on generating more profits and further expanding itself globally and becoming an international corporation. It seems that both were looking for their own benefits and they were not concerned about the other party. It seemed that Ranbaxy was more egotistical and wanted to undergo a transactional relationship with Eli Lilly for a certain period of time and decided to negate its agreements once reaching the pinnacle. In order to maintain mutual consent and undergo successful joint venture, several recommendations have been provided: †¢ First of all both the parties must share the benefits and have the authority to control different tasks. †¢ Rather than relying on core business the business must diversify into strategic areas and functions. †¢ The JV must counteract the shortening product life cycle due to advancement in technology and competition. †¢ It must transform threats in opportunities while destroying barriers and speeding-up the process of product introduction. †¢ The business strategy must be integrated with the corporate strategy to accomplish goals through shared values. †¢ There must be high commitment and cross-cultural understanding between both the parties. †¢ Eli Lilly must invest in establishing strict control due to poor intellectual rights. The formal institutions in India lack the concept of liberal education and technological advancements. Therefore the business must set benchmark and promote sustainable development while contributing into technological advancements. †¢ Indian government has always ruled over MNCs and global corporations. If MNCs and global corporations opt for FDI then India impose the sanction that that the MNC must share 50:30 ratio in profit. It is really difficult for international firms to enter into India and Eli Lilly need to compromise if they want to under-go market access in India. They need to invest in infrastructure and must contribute to the national exchequer in terms of tax. The business must emphasize on CSR and opt equal opportunity among both the genders and must respect the integrity of individuals. Successful joint venture results into long-term relationships. In order to transform into a successful long-term joint venture between two massive organizations they need to adapt to the above recommendations. Conclusion: It can be concluded that it was not a holistic loom. Rather than a proactive approach it was a reactive approach. They had not adopted the principle centered paradigm. Nevertheless both the businesses performed successfully in their core business. Ranbaxy advanced itself in generic products and gained competitive advantage and Eli Lilly prospered in the direction of innovation, technological advancement and adopted vigilant strategic thinking scheme. In order to further transform in the long-term development both the businesses must aid each other, surface key issues, formulate effective solutions and come up strategic direction where both can perform and move hand in hand. References: Sage Pulication. (2005). Negotiating and Designing an Alliance. Retrieved July 18, 2010, from http://www. sagepub. com/upm-data/12290_Chapter_3. pdf – Powered by Google Docs Ranbaxy. (2010). Ranbaxy World. Retrieved July 18, 2010, from http://docs. google. com/viewer? a=v&q=cache:Nrn9UEPrl5AJ:www. ranbaxy. com/annualreports/newsletter-2010-ranbaxy-world. pdf+assessing+alternatives+to+Eli+Lilly+Rabaxy+Joint+Venture&hl=en&gl=pk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShyidoDL1vRW7be29h-Qph0U-59nuHIR-_IrhUW1sJ-ZyblNqb-AzBDUg27j4SU_J_GISMExbHLQN0D1HB5VQCBhlroFuaSFxVIojVhRQWLT8pFXWx9qHuMfbAa92fpncoQ7oO_&sig=AHIEtbTU-0Tw2vxYx8AwIHR4SjOtdhXgEA

Kaminski Surname Meaning and Origin

Kaminski Surname Meaning and Origin From the root kamien, meaning stone or rock, the popular Polish last name Kaminski means one who came from a rocky place, or was sometimes an occupational surname for a person who works with rock, such as a stone carver or someone who worked in a quarry. Alternatively, the Kaminski surname may be locational in origin, indicating that the person originally came from any one of dozens of Polish villages named Kamien (meaning rocky place), or from one of the various places named Kamin or  Kaminka in Ukraine, or  Kamionka in Poland.  Kaminsky is a common  anglicization of the KamiÅ„ski surname. Kaminski is among the 50 most common Polish surnames.   Surname Origin: Polish Alternate Surname Spellings:  KAMINSKY, KAMINSKY, KAMIENSKI, KAMIENSKI, KAMIENSKY, KAMIENSKY, KAMENSKI, KAMENSKY Where do People with the Surname KAMINSKI Live? According to WorldNames publicprofiler, individuals with the Kaminski last name are most commonly found in Poland, with the greatest concentration in the northeastern regions, including  Podlaskie,  Kujawsko-Pomorskie, and WarmiÅ„sko-Mazurskie. The Polish-specific surname distribution map on  moikrewni.pl calculates the population distribution of surnames down to the district level, finding Kaminski to be most common in Bydgoszcz, followed by  Starogard Gdanski,  Chojnice,  Bytow,  New TomyÅ›l,  Tarnowskie Mountains,  Torun,  Srem,  Tuchola  and  InowrocÅ‚aw. Famous People with the Surname KAMINSKI Marek KamiÅ„ski -  Polish polar explorer, author, entrepreneurJanusz Kaminski -  Academy Award-winning cinematographer and directorAvrom-Yitskhok Kaminski - Yiddish actor and theater directorHeinrich Kaminski - German composerHeinz Kaminski - German space researcher and chemical engineerAdolfo Kaminsky - French WWI resistance fighter and document forgerBohdan Kaminskà ½ - Czech poet and translator Genealogy Resources for the Surname KAMINSKI A Kaminsky Family GenealogyGenealogy research into an extended Kaminsky family, with information on over 8,000 different individuals. Kaminski Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Kaminski surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Kaminski surname query. FamilySearch - KAMINSKI GenealogyAccess over 370,000 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Kaminski surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. KAMINSKI Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Kaminski surname and variations such as  Kaminsky, Kamenski, and Kamensky. DistantCousin.com - KAMINSKI Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Kaminski. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia.  Bergenfield, NJ:  Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings.  Chicago:  Polish Genealogical Society, 1993. Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow.  Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

The great gatsby bildungsroman Essay

The great gatsby bildungsroman Essay The great gatsby bildungsroman Essay There are few things more American than crusty fruit-filled treat, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and a great, antiquated Bildungsroman (the recent being a German word, however I'm ready to look past it on the off chance that you are). A Bildungsroman is a transitioning story, an account in which the principle character develops and ends up as the story advances. We, as perusers, have the capacity really be display for the scenes of clash that shapes the character into who he inevitably gets to be. We are truly there with the character the entire adventure, importance there's no I-ponder what-made-him-turn-out-thusly addresses in our personalities. Imprint Twain's Huckleberry Finn takes after this structure as Huck encounters a standard transformation by grappling with his own convictions and practicing self-sufficiency from his general public. Before all else of the novel, we get with Huck where we exited him in Tom Sawyer. His existence with the Widow is agreeable, secure, and "sivilized". Truth be told, Huck reports, "at the outset I detested the school, yet before long I got so I could stand it...i was getting used to the widow's ways, as well, they warn't so rough on me...i like the old ways best, yet I was getting so I preferred the new ones, as well, a smidgen. The widow said I was going along moderate however beyond any doubt, and doing exceptionally acceptable (p. 27)". Huck is still a young person, in any case, and loves to mess around with alternate children and to lie and twist stories for his own delight. He once in a while contemplates the outcomes of his activities and neglects to see the effect it has on others. The primary sign of progress in Huck, on the other hand, is after he plays a trick on Jim by making him accept he was envisioning, "It was fifteen prior minutes I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger- -yet I done it, and I warn't ever sad for it thereafter, not one or the other. I didn't do him no more mean traps, and I wouldn't done that one on the off chance that I'd a knowed it would make him feel that way (p. 95)". This demonstrates a momentous feeling of compassion and obligation, particularly considering the way that Jim is a typical slave that may have been viewed as unimportant property as of now ever. In section XXIV, Huck witnesses the Duke and King confer shocking misrepresentation by lying about their characters to a family grieving the passing of a friend or family member. He says, "In the event that they warn't the beatenest parcel, them two cheats, that ever I struck. That being said, the men assembled around, and sympathized with them, and said assorted types of kind diminishes to tem, and conveyed their floor covering packs up a slope for them, and let them incline toward them and cry, and educated the ruler all concerning his sibling's last minutes, and the lord he let it know once more staring him in the face to the duke, and both of them tackled about that dead tanner like they'd lost the twelve pupils. All things considered, in the event that I ever struck anything like it, I'm a nigger. It was sufficient to make a body embarrassed about humankind (p.175-76)". Claiming to be another person is a strategy Huck has utilized every now and again up until this point (and con siderably after). How significant, then, that Huck considers their activities enough to make him "embarrassed about humanity" considering the way that they are white men. Obviously, we have the capacity see that Huck is starting to

College Summit The Joys of Surprise and Making a Difference (and Even the Travails of a Norovirus)

College Summit The Joys of Surprise and Making a Difference (and Even the Travails of a Norovirus) I recently heard Anthony Robbins say that as long as you have your attention on other people, and as long as you are making a difference for others, there is no way you can possibly be depressed. He is so right. This past week, despite contracting a norovirus that gave me serious gastrointestinal distress as well as flu-like symptoms, I was in as good a mood as I’ve been in in a long time. Why? I was making a difference for a group of low-income high school students at College Summit, a national program that supports young leaders to create a culture where kids go to college. I’m like a proud mother when it comes to the small group of four â€Å"peer leaders† I worked with in Berkeley. Every one of them surprised me in their own way. Let me kvell just a little (names are changed for confidentiality)! Keylon Keylon wrote his first two â€Å"free writing† exercises about topics like his relationships with girls and how he was going to find one that would make him be the man he wants to be. I feared he was bland and would not identify a relevant topic for his college admissions essay. On a break, however, he shared his real story- a story about abuse and how he turned to destructive behaviors and friends to compensate for his pain. It was also the story of how he changed direction, in part through a music program that saved his life. Keylon’s story surprised me when it came forth, and so did how industrious and focused a student he was. When I gave him questions to answer in writing, he sat down and didn’t stop until he was done. And when it came time to edit his essay, he was able to devise seamless transitions where they had been missing, and to cut out excess words without my even pointing out the spots where he could do so. Keylon says he wants to be a singer, and perhaps he will succeed. But I wouldn’t be surprised if he finds his stride as an editor! Keylon was also a great sport when we got realistic with him about his college choices. His top choices were out of his reach, and he needed to consider community college options. He adjusted course without protest or external upset. We could all learn a thing or two from this young man about acceptance and adaptation. Jaquon Jaquon had a sweetness to him and a clear, passionate life purpose under his non-plussed attitude. On the first day, he slumped down in his chair, hood over head, clearly not 100% enthusiastic about being asked to write †¦ anything. His first free write was not about much, and I had to remind him multiple times over the 10-minute time period to keep writing. Initially he would not volunteer to answer a question and would only participate if I called on him directly (though he always had something great to say when I did). Jacquon’s second free write was the big surprise. A saxophone player, he hit on the theme of music, and I’m telling you, it was pure poetry. He called music a â€Å"20-20 all access path†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and spoke about his purpose in life being to connect with people off all cultures through his gift. This goal was not just a pipe dream; Jacquon has already performed both in concert halls and on the street in the U.S. and abroad. Jacquon mentioned in his essay that he gets nervous when playing only because he is afraid people won’t connect with his music. When I asked him what it would be like for him if they didn’t connect with his music, his answer popped out: â€Å"It would be like I don’t exist.† An excerpt: â€Å"[I] put my all into every breath, note and melodic phrase so that whoever hears that will feel my passion, my struggle, my story, and my dreams.† That’s a man with a life purpose. A purpose, when not fulfilled, that makes him feel like he doesn’t exist. If only every one of us had one so clear. Rodrigo Rodrigo was my volleyball captain. He was a meticulous, methodical worker who edited himself as he wrote. The core story that emerged from Rodrigo’s free writes was about his father, who recently started working as a janitor in Rodrigo’s school. Although Rodrigo had weathered various insults as a volleyball captain for being short and young, he had a thick skin- until the insults started being aimed toward his father. Rodrigo wrote about how his father had taught him to stay positive and not judge others, and how ultimately he used what his father had taught him to rise above his anger toward his insulting classmates. Another thing that came out of Rodrigo’s writing was that he liked to make up words and had a penchant for metaphor. In one of his last drafts, his creativity emerged in a surprise conclusion: â€Å"I’m like a volleyball. You may kick me, push me around, hit me, or abandon me, but in the end I’m still persevering and surviving the ugliest actions against me.† Talisha Eager to participate and answer questions, Talisha was fast out of the gate but as the writing process went on, she somehow found a way to look like she was working when she really was spinning her wheels. I gave her what I thought were clear questions and instructions and she would nod and put her pen to paper, but 10 minutes later she would not have made progress. In my mind, we finally reached a growth point when Talisha realized that growing up as the middle of two sisters and taking care of both of them gave her management skills that have helped her in her production design projects at school. I’m not sure I’ll ever see the essay she writes on this topic though, since she only saw this connection for herself literally at the last hour. Really the biggest surprise from Talisha was what she told me at the end of the program: that I helped her learn things about herself that she might never have known- not just on the last day, but from the time we started doing free writing exercises. And all that time I thought she was refusing to let me make a difference for her. Brenda As I mentioned, there was a norovirus that went around and knocked out almost every one of the writing coaches in the program for some period of time. I barely made it through my part of the Saturday night banquet presentations- but it was worth it to hear Rodrigo say in front of the entire program, â€Å"Your joyous, encouraging, and gentle nature brought us to fully understand how and what to write †¦ [and] created a bond within our group that will never be forgotten. I will definitely not forget the experience I had with these motivated leaders from the East Bay. And I will be back next year.

Analysis of Neoclassical and Romantic Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis of Neoclassical and Romantic Art - Essay Example He mostly worked with historical paintings and portraits. "Portrait of Colonel Guy Johnson" represents the British commissioner of Indian Affairs in the American colony. Next to him is represented a figure with the "peace pipe" in his hand, contrast to the Englishman, holding a gun. In the background we can see a large waterfall, Niagara. In the picture, the figure of the colonel is highlighted, while the aborigine is hidden in the shadow. In this way, the painter contrasts illuminated mind to the civilization located in the darkness of ignorance culture. In general both pictures represent the spirit of â€Å"antiquity†. â€Å""Visions of Antiquity" broadens our understanding of neoclassicism.† (Pagel, D., 1993). The picture of Francisco Goya is definitely a representation of romantic Art. â€Å"In Romantic art, nature—with its uncontrollable power, unpredictability, and potential for cataclysmic extremes—offered an alternative to the ordered world of Enlightenment thought.† (Galitz, K. C., 2000). Comparing two pictures, we can see that they are performed in the same color pattern. The authors mostly use dark background and light items of closing in order to highlight the personalities. In terms of shape, both pictures are presented in two dimensional areas, separating the images of the characters from the surrounding world by the invisible boundaries. Talking about space, the authors used the method of overlap in order to make people on the pictures closer to the viewer. Taking into consideration the art principles, it is necessary to state that the elements of graphic design are expressed in a united and harmonious way. The balance is revealed through the proportional placement of the main elements. The dominance is created by means of the contrasting figures on the first place and the elements behind. Pagel, G. ART REVIEW: A Progressive Definition of Neoclassicism in Visions: LACMAs

Brain Injury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Brain Injury - Essay Example Such as, it may bring about memory loss, affects speed, duration and interpretation of the process of information involving sensory perception with existing knowledge. Also possible reaction time obstruction can lead to a decline in productivity or injury in some cases along with motor disability. All of this leads to concentration problems, irritation, understanding language, impulsiveness, seizures, headaches, unpredictable behaviour, skills detriment and difficulty in learning and carrying out daily activities. Diagnosing brain injury is a difficult process because injuries to the brain mostly go undetected. There are several reasons of this; neurological tests fail to detect cases of brain injury because these are not sensitive to detection equipment. Secondly, casual communication of doctors with patients may not show any indication of it. Even the patients themselves are not aware of symptoms and take them lightly if they are. On the other hand, close observation of such people may verify the differences in behaviour as alteration in one's temperament occurs to some extent. All this aids in determining the seriousness of the injury also the people closely related to the injured may comprehend behavioural changes instinctively. It is unknown how many patients acquire brain injury because several injured persons aren't hospitalized at all; in fact it has decreased2. The most common cause of brain injury is accidents involving vehicles which account for half of all brain injuries in America alone and child abuse in children. Although, aged people are more vulnerable to these injuries as of their tenuous brains but it effects young people the same way even if the injuries are not that serious. In addition, patients suffering from brain injury are most likely to have further injuries to their brains. Children especially the ones not in school yet are in the least danger of acquiring such an injury though they may suffer from one due to a serious fall. The troubles of rehabilitation are not only physical but also cognitive, psychological and behavioral that can cause long-term problems such as acute management, memory loss and social limitations. However, further advancement in technology makes it easier for the therapists and rehabilitation to make use of products especially designed for people with abilities3. Adaptations Treatments devised for the sufferers of brain injury are different for individuals of different ages like preschoolers, adolescents in school, employees and retired persons. For the benefit of all the patients, therapies determining the effects brain injury have on the performance of an individual are developed. Cognitive therapy involves understanding differences in before and after performance of the patient and focusing on changes in skills or reasoning. It happens often that patients face hard time expressing themselves and understanding others which is helped through speech therapy. Patients deal better if they are focused on developing skills and increasing productivity as they will pay less attention to their problems emotionally. While, psychological therapy aims to assist patients adapt better to the symptoms of brain injury such as acceptance of how they are now compared to prior injury. The psychological adaptations are important in daily activities, recreation and

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Summary - Essay Example At next stage the company may ensure its web presence through a corporate website. This web presence is then used to provide details of company’s products or services. At the next level of B2C e-business implementation the company may accept online orders and integrate it with its finance department and later on customer may be enabled to make online payments. This requires an integration of website with company’s financial system. In today’s global markets customer acquisition, retention and extension are ensured through used of Customer Relationship Management Systems (CRMs). A B2B e-commerce system facilitates interoperability between supply chain organizations and other business organizations. It is also integrated with local information systems of the organization. These systems are supplier-facing and are known to be Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) systems. The performance of these systems is analyzed in terms of time they take to complete a procurem ent process. B2B e-commerce systems have significantly squeezed the delays and most of the activities are automated and processed online. Closely related to e-commerce is the procurement process, this process is usually considered to cover all activities of supply chain process and it has a separate model for e-procurement process. Examples of e-business and e-commerce systems http://www.ibm.com/us/en/sandbox/ver2/ http://www.walmart.com/ Chapter 8: Knowledge & Systems for Communicating Online Knowledge is the purified form of information. We come across information in our routine life very frequently and by processing this information we accumulate knowledge that has some value to us. Using information is an important aspect of our daily life. It is important to know how to deal with information we come across and embed it with our previous knowledge to purify existing knowledge. Imagination is the other source of knowledge and we tend to imagine whatever we need to know. Imaginati on is a very important tool used for enhancing our knowledgebase. Knowledge management is essential for its systematic acquisition and various fields of knowledge are combined to make a new field of knowledge. Our professional knowledge is a combination of theoretical, empirical, personal, procedural knowledge and practical wisdom. Practicing several knowledge domains with varying depths formulate professional competence. Sharing, collaboration, participation and building knowledgebase are common functions to generate, acquire and retain knowledge. ICT technologies have contributed a lot towards building and enhancing all these knowledge functions. Wikipedia, e-mails, blogs, forums are few to mention the contribution of ICT technologies. Knowledge Management (KM) is an important organizational objective to utilize the scattered knowledge resources like experiences, insights, and various information systems and databases to ensure learning and sharing from existing knowledge. Knowled ge Management can be utilized to create a competitive advantage, to avoid repetition of mistakes and to achieve sustainable growth and improvement at organizational level. KM can also give powerful and useful inferences form an organizational CRM to make intelligent and aware business decisions. Examples of Knowledge and online Communication Systems

Hostory and Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hostory and Political Science - Essay Example Consequently, existing governing system in the United States failed to overcome the abovementioned social ills. In this juncture, number of social movements and institutions had emerged in the United States during 1900s and they concentrated variety of social issues like discrimination, establishment of public education, oppression of women and their economic freedom, human rights and corruption. Social movements like the progressive movement, Alabama Women and the Progressive Movement, Evangelicalism and the labor movements of 19th century had addressed a lot of social ills that affected the American society. All these efforts had directly and indirectly connected with the issues related with women’s rights. Social reformers and activists of various movements like progressive movement, Alabama Women and the Progressive Movement, Evangelicalism and the labor movements of 19th century had addressed many social evils including issues related with women’s rights. The progr essive movement and its related reforms had marked considerable changes or augmentation in social, political and cultural scenario of 19th century America. The new movement had provided rebirth to the community through economic and industrial developments. Problems of labors, prisoners and grants became a fundamental issue among the public ant it prevented social developments. Social reformers had made their initial efforts to change the working conditions of middleclass and laborers. Progressive movements focused to work out problems in work fields such as working hours, safety, wages, and job security, abuses of capitalists and low wages and inequality among the women workers. Robert La Follette, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson had spent their time and effort in managing different social ills and considered as the leaders of progressive movements. As a part of labor reforms government had introduced some welfare programs for workers. Faith Jaycox explains that â€Å"In 1908 at Roosevelt’s urging, Congress established a very modest workmen’s compensation program for a few federal employees† (Jaycox, 2005, p.338). In addition, The National Civic Federation (NFC), an organization of civic representatives and labor had established welfare programs and new compensation packages for workers. Labor reforms from working class people had managed various problems related with laborers. Reformers like Henry George, Eugene Debs, and Samuel Gompers continuously met workers and understood their problems. Similarly these reform movements addressed issues related with common people like prostitution, substance abuse, and alcoholism and immigrant problems. The issue of public education had affected the social and political life of American people during the period of 1800s and no public education system existed in The United States. Discrimination in education and employment existed as a significant problem in society and the reformers had announce d equality in public education was their major goal. In due course, reformers had declared that the uneducated citizenry would not be able to engage in American democracy. Bruce S. Jansson examines that â€Å"In short, much like founders of other institutions in this period, they defined education as a moral enterprise that teach moral rules and so allow

Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Portfolio - Essay Example When the fundamentals are portrayed to be poor, not only does it indicate a poor investment opportunity, but it also hinders the growth of the industry. It is usually a bad image and information to the insurance clients if they realize that their insurance company is not in good financial position to pay them, if it is faced with a huge number of claims. Taking a look at the current performance of the insurance industry, it is hard to predict the position that insurance companies will occupy in future. Even an insurance company is successful in the present period does not guarantee success in future. Some of the reasons leading to future uncertainties of insurance industry include customer experience. For instance, if the insurance company does not offer products desired by the customer, then him or her will automatically go elsewhere searching for the same product. it is thus important for insurance companies to find issues affecting their clients and come up with appropriate ways of responding to the identified issues. Basing on the present characteristics of customers, it is apparent that the future customer will be at the center stage in shaping the system of life insurance. Available researches have revealed that the new customer is not ready to buy products unless he has full information of it. In addition, future customers will not have time to interact with agents or having a conversation with them. Many future customers will be interested in finding out facts about life insurance and not just talking to agents. In spite of the fact that agents are very helpful through provision of information to the insured, future customers will mostly avoid speaking to the agents and instead find out facts about products offered by various insurance companies on their own. Thus future customers will be mostly relying on their personal research so as to vet insurance companies and their respective policies. Therefore, insurance

Hostory and Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hostory and Political Science - Essay Example Consequently, existing governing system in the United States failed to overcome the abovementioned social ills. In this juncture, number of social movements and institutions had emerged in the United States during 1900s and they concentrated variety of social issues like discrimination, establishment of public education, oppression of women and their economic freedom, human rights and corruption. Social movements like the progressive movement, Alabama Women and the Progressive Movement, Evangelicalism and the labor movements of 19th century had addressed a lot of social ills that affected the American society. All these efforts had directly and indirectly connected with the issues related with women’s rights. Social reformers and activists of various movements like progressive movement, Alabama Women and the Progressive Movement, Evangelicalism and the labor movements of 19th century had addressed many social evils including issues related with women’s rights. The progr essive movement and its related reforms had marked considerable changes or augmentation in social, political and cultural scenario of 19th century America. The new movement had provided rebirth to the community through economic and industrial developments. Problems of labors, prisoners and grants became a fundamental issue among the public ant it prevented social developments. Social reformers had made their initial efforts to change the working conditions of middleclass and laborers. Progressive movements focused to work out problems in work fields such as working hours, safety, wages, and job security, abuses of capitalists and low wages and inequality among the women workers. Robert La Follette, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson had spent their time and effort in managing different social ills and considered as the leaders of progressive movements. As a part of labor reforms government had introduced some welfare programs for workers. Faith Jaycox explains that â€Å"In 1908 at Roosevelt’s urging, Congress established a very modest workmen’s compensation program for a few federal employees† (Jaycox, 2005, p.338). In addition, The National Civic Federation (NFC), an organization of civic representatives and labor had established welfare programs and new compensation packages for workers. Labor reforms from working class people had managed various problems related with laborers. Reformers like Henry George, Eugene Debs, and Samuel Gompers continuously met workers and understood their problems. Similarly these reform movements addressed issues related with common people like prostitution, substance abuse, and alcoholism and immigrant problems. The issue of public education had affected the social and political life of American people during the period of 1800s and no public education system existed in The United States. Discrimination in education and employment existed as a significant problem in society and the reformers had announce d equality in public education was their major goal. In due course, reformers had declared that the uneducated citizenry would not be able to engage in American democracy. Bruce S. Jansson examines that â€Å"In short, much like founders of other institutions in this period, they defined education as a moral enterprise that teach moral rules and so allow

Utilization Management Programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Utilization Management Programs - Essay Example Services did become better coordinated at the CMHC level, but the responsibility for negotiating the service system and compliance of the treatment remained with the client. Specific case management service guidelines vary somewhat as the individual states' interpretation and implementation of federal mandates differs. The needs and resources of a large inner-city population vary considerably from those of a rural community. A clear and consistent service definition has not been reached, and there is no consensus on what does and what does not constitute case management. Some people describe case management as purely a brokering or linkage function while others include comprehensive skill teaching and support in addition to service linkage. Controversy also exists regarding who can best provide the service: nonprofessionals, specified mental health professionals, or a combination of both in a team approach. Consumer case management, in which clients or consumer sin the mental health system act as case manager aides for those with less functional ability, is also being undertaken The initial case management evaluation period is typically 30 days, during which it is desirable to gain as complete a picture as possible of the client's past and current functioning. The case manager must evaluate the client's status, needs, and goals in each of the following areas: mental health, physical health, financial status, housing, living skills, leisure, vocational and educational activities, and availability of a support system. Because case management is designed to address the broad range of a client's needs for maintaining satisfactory and stable community living, the initial evaluation phase is critical in identifying existing resources, skills, and strengths, as well as service and support needs and skill deficits. The overall goal of case management is help maintain the client's quality of life in the least restrictive community environment possible: therefore, evaluation data should assist the case manager in identifying factors that may have resulted in either the client's successes or failures in the past. Service Plan Development The service plan is the case management equivalent of the treatment plan as used in traditional inpatient or outpatient setting. It identifies the client's goals and objectives for a specified time period, typically a six-month time period, and it must be updated at least that often, or as necessary, as goals are achieved or are deemed inappropriate or unrealistic at any point during that period. The format of the service plan varies, but generally it identifies the client's goals and the client's case management objectives and service activities for achieving each one. Because services are individualized, the number of goals appearing on the plan at any one time will vary. It is important to be realistic and set no more goals than can be accomplished within a given time period. It is preferable to state the client's goals in his or her own words. Objectives must be measurable, have projected time frames, and be consistent with evaluation results and client goals. They should be realistic and broken down as necessary into tasks deemed achievable for the particular client. Placement Services Case management placement assistance may be defines as any support provided to the client

Personal Ethics Statement Essay Example for Free

Personal Ethics Statement Essay Ethics is a branch of philosophy, which address various issues that regards to morality and the general human behavior in society (Vendemiati 2004). Ethics identifies whether something is good or bad, ignoble or noble, just or unjust, or whether acts of people should be classified as being vices or virtues. Being ethical entails a number of integrated moral aspects that revolves around the common moral law of doing good and avoiding what is evil. Personal Ethics Statement Based on my personal experience and learned life lessons, being ethical means having the correct moral standards and practices that guide ones behaviors and the actions taken in life thus making one to be able to constantly do what is right and avoid evil. Being ethical therefore means having the right thought, always being positive in life, and ensuring that one has the right attitude that would guide in ensuring that immoral behaviors that could harm other people’s lives either directly or indirectly are avoided at all cost. Ethics also involve individuals being able to accept the wrong things they do and be willing to change for the better. Being ethical, according to me, therefore involve being morally upright, having the morally accepted life values, and having the desire to serve other people through ones best use of mind, body, and spirit without being coerced to do so. Based on my life experience and the studies that I have previously conducted, I have come to learn that though religion is a vital aspect of the common moral law, being ethical involves more that being good to oneself. The life experience has also made me to understand the fact that ethics involves being in a position to be submissive to the higher authority and ensuring that one avoids doing what is immoral. The fact that people who do not harm other people physically, morally, or socially get to be appreciated and loved by others elaborates what being ethical really means – being good (Mackie 1990). Previously, I have been making ethical decisions based on the teachings I have received from my parents and teachers and through copying the positive aspects of my friends and other people around me. I have always strived to ensure that the decisions I make in life do not contravene the common moral law and other governing rules and regulations in society. This involves being just and ensuring that I make decisions that would have a long term benefits and enhance the common good of all humanity. My core believes and values are that all people are equal and that we all deserve to be treated equally by being accorded the respect we deserve as human beings. I also strongly believe that the decisions we make in life should constantly be guided by the common moral law of doing good and avoiding evil rather than our self interest. Since I always strive to ensure that I accord other people fair treatment and mutual respect, I always expect to receive similar fair treatment and to be appreciated for the good things I do. Furthermore, I do not expect favors from other people but rather expect to be corrected whenever I do wrong. For instance, whenever I do favor to other people such as giving them medication when they fall seek, I always expect to be thanked and not to be given a token in return. This is illustrated by the fact that whenever my neighbors and friends are in need of food or tuition fees, I have always strived to ensure that I share with them the food I have or help them get the money, if I can, and I do not demand repayment to be made. Conclusion According to Mackie (1990), ethical standards are crucial in reinforcing the practice of the morally upright behaviors and acts in society. Courage is important for people to constantly act in an ethical way. Good personal and interpersonal leadership and management skills help individuals to make morally upright decisions without thinking of one’s self interest. For instance, treating customers with respect and wide acceptance improve business performance. References Vendemiati, A. (2004). In First Person, The outline of Ethics, The general perspective, Rome, The Urbaniana, The University Press. Mackie, L. J. (1990). Ethics: The Invention of the Wrong and the Right. London, Penguin. ISBN: 0-14-013558-8.

Real World Examples Of Price Ceiling Economics Essay

Real World Examples Of Price Ceiling Economics Essay The President of the Philippines, Arroyo placed the entire nation under a state of calamity on 2 October 2009 which is a week after tropical storm Ondoy, and a day before super typhoon Pepeng began. The onslaught of typhoons Ondoy and Pepeng smashed up many parts of Philippines, caused over P30billion in damage and claimed nearly a thousand lives, primarily Metro Manila and north Luzon provinces. Despite devastation of typhoons, several oil companies raised oil prices which prompted public protests and criticisms and set off more than the common grumbling from consumers. With millions of Filipinos still suffering from the effects of those typhoons, the corporations were criticized as greedy, heartless and predatory. Royal Dutch Shell, Petron and Chevron (known here under the brand Caltex) increased the prices of diesel by 2pesos per-liter , or 4 cents, an increase of about 6.7 percent. Gasoline prices went up 1.25 pesos a liter, or 4.74 pesos a gallon, and kerosene by 1.50 pesos. Acc ording to the Ibon Foundation, an independent economic research group, the increases were the biggest of the year. The companies insist the increases reflect world oil prices. After Ondoy and typhoon Pepeng have left the country for some time, the entry of new typhoon Ramil make the imposition of price ceiling more necessary. To protect public interest, the government enforced a fuel price ceiling to prevent predatory pricing, unreasonable pricing and to lessen the adversities caused by those calamities by temporarily imposing price ceiling on oil. The president, through the EO, ordered the joint Department of Justice (DOE) task force to institute complaints against the violators of the EO as well as the provisions of RA 8479. President Arroyo revoked Executive Order 839 on the Philippines main island of Luzon, which kept the level of the price of petroleum products prevailing on 15 October 2009. The announcement was made after she met with Cabinet secretaries and representatives from the oil firms and transport sectors. Before the EO was issued, the President ordered a study of how to include petroleum products under price control, considering that fuel is an important product used by almost all consumers. Before revoking the edict, Arroyo sought petroleum companies assurance that they would continue to provide fuel discounts to transport groups for the next six months to keep fares down. Arroyo also proposed that dealers of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) can stagger their price over the Christmas season so consumers wont too harshly affect by increasing price. The Palace further pointed out it was based on the EO is Section 14 (e) of Republic Act 8479 or the Oil Industry Deregulation Law, which states that: In times of national emergency, when the public interest so requires, the DOE may, during the emergency and under reasonable terms prescribed by it, temporarily take over or direct the operation of any person or entity engaged in the industry.The EO took effect immediately upon its publication in a newspaper the next day. Reaction Many consumers and few companies praised the presidents decision because the imposition could help millions of Filipinos recover from those calamities moreover the changes in price when price ceiling was imposed was an insensitive move to the oil companies. Economists said the unprecedented interference could scare investors away from the country. The Joint Foreign Chambers, a collection of chambers of commerce whose members include major oil firms, argued in their letter that a price cap in the northern Philippines would lead to lower fuel imports, shortages and a black market. The order has prompted oil companies to warn of a shortage since they may be forced to sell their products at a loss if global fuel costs rise. It is because the oil prices are tied to world markets and the companies would think twice about importing more oil. Petron Corp., the Philippines largest oil company predicted that it may lose up to P1.5 billion pesos, or $32 million, in its fourth quarter for the last three months of the year since the executive order may force it to sell at a loss. Some people compelled the government to increase the price freezes nationwide especially because the price of oil in the Visayas and Mindanao ,which are the two other main island, are 5 to 7 pesos more expensive than price in Luzon. The companies have insisted that their prices are determined by the world market and did not prosecute for predatory pricing. However, because of the increasing of price all at once and the companies refused to open their books, suspicion has grown among the public. To comply with EO 839, oil firms reverted to prices before 19 October 2009. Most oil firms raised prices by P2.00 per liter for diesel, P0.85 per liter for regular, P1.50 per liter for kerosene and P1.25-1.50 per liter for fuel. Consequences MAP said that with the imposition of the order, the government is breaking its promise to provide oil investors stability and protection under the law and the government should subsidize the products. On 2 November 2009, foreign and local businessmen demanded the termination of President Arroyos Executive Order 839, to lessen the adverse influence of loses on the petroleum, risk of future stock products, and hindrance to future and appearance of black market. In a statement, the Joint Foreign Chambers (JFC) said oil supply in Luzon, which accounts for 80 percent of the countrys petroleum market, will be reduced because importers will not sell at a loss. EO 389 will not really help the most needy of typhoon victims. It is because the poorest income groups are not consumers of petroleum products. This happens because the government is not clear what products they usually purchased and then imposed price ceiling on oil that provide low reconstruction and rehabilitation. Reports on fuel supply shortage coupled with spiking fuel prices brought fears to Cebuano consumers that these might create a negative impact towards the prices of other commodities. However, the price monitoring report of the Department of Trade and Industry showed that prices of goods in the market have not posted alarming changes because of the fuel supply shortage. Oil firms warned that more serious fuel supply shortage in less than two weeks from 11 November 2009 if the freeze on petroleum prices stays.13 days after that day they would run out of finished product stock. The big oil firms did not face any real financial difficulties or bankruptcy as they have over a decade of overpricing and accumulated super profits. How to settle the problem Government responded that the DOE and the oil companies must open their books and show the public that all the negative things attributed to them are just misperceptions because even though the price of crude has gone up to $80, the increase should not be affected immediately at least not until after 45 days. On 4 November 2009, Deputy presidential spokesperson Lorelei Fajardo said the price freeze would remain in effect for the duration of the state of calamity in Luzon based on the recommendation of Justice Secretary Agnes Devanadera. This was emphasized by deputy presidential spokesman Lorelei Fajardo on 2 November 2009 after the Joint Foreign Chambers (JFC) asked the termination date of Executive Order 839.However price caps can only be imposed for a maximum 60 days ,the imposition will be lifted sooner or later. The government opened to selective implementation of the oil price freeze after weeks of protests and warnings of a fuel supply crisis. Petron has agreed to open its books and the government hoped that the rest of the industry, especially the Big 3, would also be this transparent. Meanwhile, Malacaà ±ang said that the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) and the Dept. of Energy (DOE) will study proposals about price freezing as the ERC and DOE are in the best position to determine the merits of this proposal because they are aware of the factors involved in the incident. President Arroyo announced her decision on13 November 2009 at the end of an emergency meeting at Malacaà ±ang with representatives of oil companies as well as officials of labor and transport and ordered the lifting of the price freeze on petroleum products and basic commodities in Luzon, which was still officially under a state of calamity, effective on 15 November 2009.This decision was made after making oil firms and traders promise to recoup their losses on a staggered basis, stabilize prices and supply of products ,put in more investments for the poor to spur economic activity and create jobs and provide some form of subsidy or discount in selected areas, especially those affected by the calamities. The bottom line is to remain the same in the next six months, assuming that world markets remain stable. If international pump prices become very high, then the government can review this policy. Most of the corporations committed to hold the price for at least six months. It was agreed during the meeting that details of the price adjustments and subsidies would be finalized over the weekend. The DOE (Department of Energy) and the oil firms are given the weekend to go back to the drawing board and make their calculation or formula (on the price increase). Mrs. Arroyo also instructed Favila and Energy Secretary Angelo Reyes to help transport groups set up a consortium that would allow them to directly import fuel. Favila said the National Development Corp. and the Philippine International Trading Corp., both government corporations, will help put up capital for the venture. The oil companies welcomed the move and have agreed not to increase their prices on a one-time basis. Earlier estimates showed that consumers may have to bear P4.50 to P5 per liter increase in pump prices once the EO is lifted. As to how much the first increase in price on 15 November 2009 depended on competitive forces. According to Martinez, the P1-billion fund which was earlier set aside by the government to assist the transport group in conversion to LPG may also be tapped to help cushion the impact of the expected surge in oil prices in the next few weeks. Martinez suggested that assistance or subsidy could come in the form of discount coupons for legitimate transport groups. The oil firms as well as manufacturers and traders agreed to his proposal to reduce prices in areas that continue to suffer from the effects of the storms. On 16 November 2009,President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo said that the government will not hesitate to re-impose the freeze on fuel prices in Luzon if oil companies will renege on their promise to stagger increases in the prices of their products. The oil companies, manufacturers and traders are fully aware that the government can again impose price controls. Drugs price control in Canada Government in Canada have imposed price controls on prescription medicine for many years for its citizens .Through this intention ,the affordable of Canadian citizens in purchasing the necessary drugs they need can be ensured .To achieve the efficiency in drug prices control ,several mechanisms have been instituted to control drug prices .These includes the establishment of a semi judicial by the federal government to control drug prices and several measurements to regulate the drug prices at the provincial level ,for instance ,formulary management ,use of generics ,reference-based pricing ,price control of patented medicine ,price freezes ,reimbursement rates ,cost sharing arrangements and limits on markups .These measurement have make effectiveness price control to a large range . Patented Medicines Prices Review Board (PMPRM) ,a federal quasi- judicial agency established under the Patent Act in 1987 to regulate drug prices .This agency take responsibility to control price of patented medicines only .The PMPRM was intended to avoid and prevent the prices of patented drug reach excessive which might result from manufactures new right to market exclusivity .Hence ,certain guidelines are used by PMPRB in determining the excessiveness of a drug price : The cost of therapy of new patented drugs must make sure not exceed the highest cost of therapy and in the range of existing drugs used to treat the same disease . Manufactures can charge the breakthrough drugs and those that offer a substantial improvement to the median of prices charges of the same drug in other specified countries which are United State ,United Kingdom ,Switzerland ,Sweden ,Italy ,France and Germany to ensuring that Canadian prices are not highest in the world . The increases of prices of existing patented drug cannot exceed the Consumer Price Index . The PMPRB gains control over the pricing of the drug once the drug accepts a patent of any sort and also review the drugs price when it was initially marketed . A company that consider out of compliance with the guidelines by the PMPRB must reduce the price .Moreover ,any excess revenue that have earned by that company from sales of the drugs will be relinquished and can order the repayment of the excess revenue of the company to the federal government . Purpose Federal price controls on patented drugs is to avoid brand-name companies from reducing prices on these products once a patent expires .The highest price of the exisying drugs in the same therapeutic class is take as a reference by Canadas Price-Control Policy .This is done to establish the maximum allowable for new patent-protected drug formulations entering the market .As a result ,due to fearness of makers of brand-name drugs of unintentionally lowering the maximum allowable entry price for new drugs in the same class ,the makers of brand-name drugs will reluctantly reduce the price of the original drug when it goes off-patent .An artificial incentive is created by Canadian price controls to resist competing for brand-name companies on the basis of price with generic firms for sales of off-patent drugs . Consequences of Drug Prices Control Although government of Canada have imposed drug price control system to ensure the prices of drugs are under control ,however ,cannot deny that ,the drug price control system also result in consequences . Price- controlled system of Canadian bureaucracy indirectly lead to decrease in producing fewer new drugs Canadians are often forced to wait to a year for more advanced medicines .As a result ,Canadians are routinely denied access to newer and better medicines ,and often travel to America to purchase them . Moreover,price discrimination is one of the consequences of drug price control .Drug companies and industry often engaging in price discrimination by charging the different buyers for different prices of the same product .Drug companies are prefer to sell the drugs for less in Canada and elsewhere only .This phenomena is happen due to the drug companies can sell for more in the United States. In addition ,the expensive development of drugs and moderately cheap to manufacture will indirectly lead to price discrimination works in the drug industry .Price discrimination causes drug companies in Canada to charge high prices of the same product of drugs in United States. Hence, companies can recoup their research development costs .Besides that, companies can make a profit in Canada and elsewhere by simply covering the cost of making the pill as long as the research development cost of companies can recoup. Further ,price controls make investing in research development less attractive .This is the result of the continuing of rising in costs and risks involved in developing new drugs .With extra risks and uncertainties ,companies never being sure of the selling prices of their future drugs and even find themselves having to reimburse sizable sums . For example, Schering Canada Inc. had to reimburse $7.8 million in 2003 because it charged a price judged as excessive for its infliximab (Remicade) drug. Price control causes a direct reduction in volume .Due to this ,a declining number of research development missions are obtaining by Canadian subsidiaries .As a result ,pharmaceutical innovation is indirectly become slower ,and lead to a remarkable drop in pharmaceutical research development .A decline of pharmaceutical research in Canada would hit Quebec hardest ,which is the home to Canadas largest concentration of pharmaceutical research development ,with 42.3% of total spending in2002.However there other major costs linked to drug price controls ,these include losses of highly skilled jobs ,corporate research centers and jobs forgone in the subcontracting of goods and services and in industries associated with research development . Downward pressure on the prices of older patented drugs and non-patented drugs since distortions caused by price controls would cease to exist . Pharmaceutical firms eliminate incentives to lower the prices of drugs already on the market is result from price control .As a consequence ,some generic drugs are more expensive in Canada .In order to fully recovery of research development ,launch and marketing costs ,companies tend to keep these prices higher .This condition will also lead to a higher selling prices of the goods by generic drug producers . Last but not least ,drug price control will lead to lower rates of substitution of generic versions of drugs by consumers in Canada for their brand name originals drugs .The possibility of price competition between off-patent ,brand-name drugs and generics altogether is eliminated by the public policies forcing substitution of generics .Generic companies no longer have to compete on price against consumer loyalties toward brand-name drugs when forcing generic substitution for brand-name drugs is done by government .As a result ,consumer need to purchase the drug at higher price due to the absence of alternative products .